Source documentation for the UNEP_WCMC

Current Forest Cover map Version 3.

UNEP-WCMC

The map/GIS datasets sources that were used in the compilation of the Current Forest Cover map are listed below by country, within each region.

SOURCES FOR AFRICAN REGION

ALGERIA:

European Space Agency (1992) Remote Sensing Forest map of Europe, scale

1: 6,000,000, 1989-1992 NOAA-AVHRR data and 1987-1990 Landsat-MSS imagery.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

ANGOLA:

World Forestry Institute (1960) World Forestry Atlas. Scale 1: 10,000,000.

NASA/GSFC/University of Maryland/TREES (1990) derived from 1km resolution AVHRR data 1988-1990.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : version 1.2 (1998) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangroves were annotated onto a 1:1,000,000 base-map by R.H. Hughes, and are

based on Hughes, R.H. and Hughes J.S. (1992). A Directory of African Wetlands. IUCN,

Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK/UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya/WCMC, Cambridge,

UK. 820pp

BENIN:

UNEP/GRID/Olesen/TREES (1994) West African Forest Data, derived from 1km resolution NOAA/AVHRR data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Benin

Mangrove data were prepared from a series of eight maps from Baglo (1989),

based on aerial photographs plotting the mangroves of the entire coast at a

scale of c.1:30,000.

References:

Baglo, M.A. (1989). La mangrove du Benin: grands equilibres ecologiques et

perspecitves d'amenagement. PhD Thesis presented at the Universite Paul

Sabatier de Toulouse, France.

BOTSWANA:

Soil Mapping and Advisory Services Project/Government of Botsawana (1991) Vegetation Map of the Republic of Botswana. Scale 1: 2,000,000.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

BURKINA FASO:

Ministere de L'Environment et du Tourisme Service de L'Amanegement Forestier (nd) Burkina Faso Formations Vegetales. Scale 1:1,000,000.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

BURUNDI:

Ministere de la Cooperation Francaise (1979) Plate 8: Atlas du Burundi, Le Tapis Vegetal. Scale unknown.

IGN-France and Institute Geographique du Burundi (1984). Burundi. Scale 1:250,000.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

CAMEROON:

Letouzey, R. (1985) Carte Phytogéographique du Cameroun. Scale 1:500,000. Institut de la Carte Internationale de la Végétation.

NASA/GSFC/University of Maryland/TREES (1990), derived from 1km resolution AVHRR data 1988-1990.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangrove data taken from a 1:500,000 scale map Carte Phytogographique du

Cameroun (1985) (mangroves is on two sheets)by Letouzey, R., published by

the Institut de la Carte Internationale de la Vegetation, Toulouse, France

and the Institut de la Recherche Agronomique (Herbier National), Yaounde,

Cameroon.

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC:

Boulvert, B. (1985) Carte Phytogéographique de la République Centrafricaine. Scale 1:1,000,000. ORSTOM (Institut Française de Recherché Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération).

NASA/GSFC/University of Maryland/TREES (1990), derived from 1km resolution AVHRR data 1988-1990.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

CHAD:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

COMOROS:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangrove data were digitised from a British Admiralty Chart No. 563 (1978)

Comoros Islands., produced by the UK Hydrographic Office at a scale of

1:300,000.

CONGO:

Hecketsweiler, P. (unpublished) fieldwork during 1989 and 1990 and from numerous reports (Bégué, 1967; Descoings, 1969, 1975; Koechlin, 1961 and Cusset, 1989).

Hughes, R.H. and Hughes, J.S. (1992). A Directory of African Wetlands. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK/UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya/WCMC, Cambridge, UK. 820 pp. NASA/GSFC/University of Maryland/TREES (1990), derived from 1km resolution AVHRR data 1988-1990.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangroves were annotated onto a 1:1,000,000 base map by R.H. Hughes and are

based on Hughes and Hughes (1992).

References:

Hughes, R.H. and Hughes, J.S. (1992). A Directory of African Wetlands. IUCN,

Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK/UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya/WCMC, Cambridge,

UK. 820 pp.

COTE D'IVOIRE:

UNEP/GRID/Olesen/TREES (1994) West African Forest Data, derived from 1km resolution NOAA/AVHRR data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangroves: Map based on a 1:1,000,000 base map and more detailed sketch-maps of

specific sites contained in Egnankou Wadja (1985).

References:

Egnankou Wadja, M. (1985). Etude des mangroves de Cote d'Ivoire: aspect

ecologique et recherches sur les possibilites de leur amenagement. PhD

Thesis presented at the Universite Paul Sabatier de Toulouse, France.

DJIBOUTI:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangrove data were taken from the 1:250,000 scale map Vegetation et

Resources Pastorales(1987), produced by Forgiarini, G. and Cesar, J.,

Institut d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pay Tropicaux, France.

This map was based on 1985 Landsat MSS images.

EGYPT:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Data for mangroves are of very low resolution and likely to be inaccurate.

They are based on a regional sketch map in Sheppard et al. (1992).

References:

Sheppard, C.; Price, A. and Roberts, C. (1992). Marine Ecology of the

Arabian Region: patterns and processes in extreme tropical environments.

Academic Press, London, UK.

EQUATORIAL GUINEA:

Butynski, T.M. and Koster, S.H. (1989). The Status and Conservation of Forests and Primates on Bioko Island (Fernando Poo), Equatorial Guinea. WWF unpublished report, Washington, D.C.

NASA/GSFC/University of Maryland/TREES (1990), derived from 1km resolution AVHRR data 1988-1990.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangroves: No recent data were available. Source did not include data for Bioko or

Annobon. Servicio Geografico del Ejercito. (1960). Untitled. 1:100,000, 15

sheets. Servicio Geografico del Ejercito.

ERITREA:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : Preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

There is no accurate published maps showing the distribution of mangroves in

Eritrea. Data were very kindly provided, annotated onto an approximately

1:1,000,000 base map using aerial photographs combined with detailed personal

knowledge of the region by Dr Chris Hillman, Ministry of Marine Resources,

Eritea and by Dr Liz Ross, Department of Earth Sciences, University of

Oxford, UK.

ETHIOPIA:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

GABON:

Institut Géographique National-France and the Institut National de Cartographie (1987).Gabon. 1:1,000,000 generalised published map.

NASA/GSFC/University of Maryland/TREES (1990), derived from 1km resolution AVHRR data 1988-1990.

Fonte and Fromard (1993). Carte de la vegetation Cap Lopez - Pointe Fetiche au 1:150,000. One sheet. ICIV, CNRS/UPS pour ELF Gabon.

Fonte and Fromard (1994). Carte de la vegetation: Estuaire du Gabon; Nyonie; Gongue. Three sheets. ICIV, CNRS/UPS pour ELF Aquitaine.

Maley, J. (in press). Histoire recente de la foret dense humide africaine et essai sur le dynamisme de quelques formations forestieres. In: Schwartz, D. and Lanfranchi, R. (eds.). Paysages quaternaires de l'Afrique Centrale Atlantique. Travaux et Documents de l'ORSTOM, Paris.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

High resolution mangrove data (1:150,000) were used where available from

Fonte and Fromard (1993, 1994). Gaps in these coverages were filled from

Maley (in press).

References:

Fonte and Fromard (1993). Carte de la vegetation Cap Lopez - Pointe Fetiche

au 1:150,000. One sheet. ICIV, CNRS/UPS pour ELF Gabon.

Fonte and Fromard (1994). Carte de la vegetation: Estuaire du Gabon; Nyonie;

Gongue. Three sheets. ICIV, CNRS/UPS pour ELF Aquitaine.

Maley, J. (in press). Histoire recente de la foret dense humide africaine et

essai sur le dynamisme de quelques formations forestieres. In: Schwartz, D.

and Lanfranchi, R. (eds.). Paysages quaternaires de l'Afrique Centrale

Atlantique. Travaux et Documents de l'ORSTOM, Paris.

GAMBIA:

USAID and US Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, EROS Data Center (1985) Range and Forest Resources of Senegal. Scale 1:1,000,000.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangrove data was taken from USGS (1985) and was kindly made available to

WCMC by the EDC International Projects Department of the EROS Data Center.

This map was compiled from the interpretation of Landsat imagery of

different dates and from extensive ground surveys. A considerable eastward

extension of mangrove coverage to Georgetown was made on the advice of

Francois Blasco. This should be regarded as a crude approximation only.

References:

USGS (1985). Range and Forest Resources of Senegal. 1:1 million scale.

Digital map prepared for the US Agency for International Development (USAID)

by the US Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, EROS Data Center.

GHANA:

UNEP, GRID, Olesen and TREES (1994) UNEP West African Forest Data: 1994, derived from 1 km resolution NOAA AVHRR data from the 1990's.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangrove data were taken from a digital dataset entitled West African Forest

Data compiled by Henrik Olesen of UNEP-GRID, from AVHRR imagery (1km

pixels), for the TREES (Tropical Ecosystem Environment Observations by

Satellite) project of the EC Joint Research Centre, Italy. Furthermore a

crude estimate of mangrove coverage in the Volta Delta has been added.

GUINEA:

UNEP, GRID, Olesen and TREES (1994) UNEP West African Forest Data: 1994, derived from 1 km resolution NOAA AVHRR data from the 1990's.

EROS Data Center/GLCCD: preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. Derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

The mangrove data are derived from 1979-80 aerial photography, updated using Landsat

MSS 1984-1985-1986 imagery.

References:

CTFT/BDPA-SCET AGRI (1989). Potentialites et Possibilites de Relance de

l'Activite Forestiere: Synthse Regionale et Nationale. 1:700,000.

CTFT/BDPA-SCET AGRI.

GUINEA-BISSAU:

Jones, S. (1990) Hand drawn based on his personal experience of the region. Scale 1:1,000,000 based on an earlier 1: 500,000 Instituto Geografico Nacional (1991) landuse chart Guine-Bissau.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangrove data were taken from a generalised map (c. 1:1 million) hand drawn

by Scott Jones in 1990, based on IGN (1981), but updated to show forest

loss.

References:

IGN (1981). Guine Bissau. 1:500,000. Instituto Geografico Nacional.

KENYA:

Kenya Rangeland Ecological Monitoring Unit, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (1983) Land Use Map of Kenya. Scale 1:1,000,000, based on 1972-1980 remote sensed data..

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

LESOTHO:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

LIBERIA:

UNEP, GRID, Olesen and TREES (1994) UNEP West African Forest Data: 1994, derived from 1 km resolution NOAA AVHRR data from the 1990's.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangroves: Digital dataset entitled West African Forest Data compiled by Henrik

Olesen of UNEP-GRID from AVHRR imagery (1km pixels), for the TREES (Tropical

Ecosystem Environment Observations by Satellite) project of the EC Joint

Research Centre, Italy. Further minor edits were provided by Frantois

Blasco.

LIBYA:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

MADAGASCAR:

Faramalala Miadana Harisca - I.C.I.V (1996) Carte des Formations Vegetales de Madagascar. Scale 1:1,000,000.

Green and Sussman (1990) Deforestation History of the Eastern Rain Forests of Madagascar from satellite images, Science 248: 212-215.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

The main source of mangrove data was Faramalala Miadana Harisoa (n.d.), with

minor corrections from CI/DEF/CNRE/FTM (n.d.). Both these are drawn from the

same source, 1972-79 Landsat imagery. The former appears to give higher

precision, but the latter includes some additional mangrove areas in the far

north of the country.

References:

CI/DEF/CNRE/FTM (n.d.). Formations Vegetales et Monmaine Forestier National

de Madagascar. 1:1,000,000. Conservation Internationale/Direction des Eaux

et Forets/Centre National de Recherches sur

L'environment/Foiben-Taosarintanin I Madagasikara.

Faramalala Miadana Harisoa (n.d.). Carte des Formations Vegetales de

Madagascar. 1:1,000,000. 3 sheets. I.C.I.V., Toulouse, France

MALAWI:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

MALI:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

MAURITANIA:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangroves were annotated from sketch maps in Gowthorpe (1993) and Yelli

(1995), kindly provided by O. Hamerlynck, IUCN Mauritainie.

References:

Gowthorpe, P. (1993). Une visite au Parc National de Banc d'Arguin. 193pp.

Yelli, D. (1995). Formations morphopedologiques et les unites florisitiques

de bas delta mauritanien. Paper presented at the Colloquium 'Biodiversite du

Littoral Mauritanien', Nouakchott, 12-13 June, 1995.

MAYOTTE:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

MOROCCO:

European Space Agency (1992) Remote Sensing Forest map of Europe.

Scale 1: 6,000,000, 1989-1992 NOAA-AVHRR data and 1987-1990 Landsat-MSS imagery.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

MOZAMBIQUE:

Direccao Nacional de Geografia e Cadastro (1995) Mapa Florestal: Sheet 1: Provincias de cabo, delgado, Niassa, Zambesia e Nampula. Sheet2: Provincias de Tete, Monica e Sofala. Sheet 3: Provincias de Maputo, Gaza e inhambane.

Scale 1:1,000,000.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangrove data were taken from the 1:2,000,000 (reduced from 1:1,000,000)

scale map Mapa Florestal (1980) produced by the Ministerio da Agricultura

and published under Projecto UNDP-FAO MOZ/76/007 by Ministerio da

Agricultura, Dto Florestal e de Fauna Bravia, Republica Popular de

Mocambique.

NAMIBIA:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

NIGER:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

NIGERIA:

UNEP, GRID, Olesen and TREES (1994) UNEP West African Forest Data: 1994, derived from 1 km resolution NOAA AVHRR data from the 1990's.

EROS Data Center/GLCCD: preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. Derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangroves: Digital dataset entitled West African Forest Data compiled by Henrik Olesen

of UNEP-GRID from AVHRR imagery (1km pixels), for the TREES (Tropical

Ecosystem Environment Observations by Satellite) project of the EC Joint

Research Centre, Ispra, Italy.

RWANDA:

Service de Cartographie, Kigali (nd) Republique Rwandaise, Carte Administrative et Routiere. Scale 1: 250,000.

La Cooperation de la Republique Francaise (1981) Atlas du Rwanda Plate XL La Vegetation.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE:

Bureau pour la Development de la Production Agricole (1985) Sketch map.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

SENEGAL:

USAID and US Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, EROS Data Center (1985) Range and Forest Resources of Senegal. Scale 1:1,000,000.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

The main source for mangrove data (USGS, 1985) was kindly made available to

WCMC by the EDC International Projects Department of the EROS Data Center,

and was compiled from the interpretation of Landsat imagery of different

dates and from extensive ground surveys. A small northern extension to the

Casamance tributary at the eastern end of the estuary was based on a sketch

map from Frantois Blasco.

References:

USGS (1985). Range and Forest Resources of Senegal. 1:1 million scale.

Digital map prepared for the US Agency for International Development (USAID)

by the US Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, EROS Data Center.

SIERRA LEONE:

UNEP, GRID, Olesen and TREES (1994) UNEP West African Forest Data: 1994, derived from 1 km resolution NOAA AVHRR data from the 1990's.

EROS Data Center/GLCCD: preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. Derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangroves: Digital dataset entitled West African Forest Data compiled by Henrik Olesen

of UNEP-GRID from AVHRR imagery (1km pixels), for the TREES (Tropical

Ecosystem Environment Observations by Satellite) project of the EC Joint

Research Centre, Ispra, Italy.

SOMALIA:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD: preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangroves were annotated onto a 1:1,000,000 base-map by R.H. Hughes, and are

based on Hughes and Hughes (1992). Further small areas were added by

Frantois Blasco.

References:

Hughes, R.H. and Hughes J.S. (1992). A Directory of African Wetlands. IUCN,

Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK/UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya/WCMC, Cambridge,

UK. 820pp.

SOUTH AFRICA:

Department of Water Affairs and Forestry and Forestek (1993) based on LANDSAT TM data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

SUDAN:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangroves: Data are of very low resolution and likely to be inaccurate, base on a

regional sketch map in Sheppard et al. (1992).

References:

Sheppard, C.; Price, A. and Roberts, C. (1992). Marine Ecology of the

Arabian Region: patterns and processes in extreme tropical environments.

Academic Press, London, UK.

SWAZILAND:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

TANZANIA:

Rodgers et al. (1985) Forest Cover in Tanzania. Scale 1:2,000,000, based on 1972-7 aerial photographs and 1985 LANDSAT imagery.

NORAD (1989) Mangrove Forest Inventory based on aerial photography taken in 1988/9.

Ministry of Lands (1990) Sheet index map: the Mangrove Forest Reserves of Tanzania. Scale 1:1,000,000.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangroves :Areas taken from summary map of a more detailed mangrove forest inventory

supported by NORAD, based on aerial photography taken in 1988/9.

References:

Ministry of Lands. (1990). Sheet Index Map: the Mangrove Forest Reserves of

Tanzania. 1:1,000,000. Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism,

Forest and Beekeeping Division, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.

TOGO:

UNEP, GRID, Olesen and TREES (1994) UNEP West African Forest Data: 1994, derived from 1 km resolution NOAA AVHRR data from the 1990's.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

TUNISIA:

European Space Agency (1992) Remote Sensing Forest map of Europe, scale

1: 6,000,000, 1989-1992 NOAA-AVHRR data and 1987-1990 Landsat-MSS imagery.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

UGANDA:

National Biomass Study, Forest Department (1996) Land cover, boundaries, stratification and Protected areas. Scale 1: 500,000, based on LANDSAT/SPOT imagery.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

ZAIRE:

UNEP, GRID, Olesen and TREES (1994) UNEP West African Forest Data: 1994, derived from 1 km resolution NOAA AVHRR data from the 1990's.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangroves :Digital data were provided by NASA/GSFC and the University of Maryland, USA.

Mangrove areas were estimated from the closed moist forest coverage by

overlaying White (1983).

References:

NASA/GSFC and the University of Maryland. (n.d). Derived from 1km resolution

NOAA/AVHRR 1988 data. Produced at NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center.

White (1983). The Vegetation of Africa. Unesco/AETFAT/UNSO. Unesco, Paris,

France.

ZAMBIA:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

ZIMBABWE:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : preliminary version (1997) Africa land cover characteristics database: Africa seasonal land cover regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

SOURCES FOR THE NORTH AMERICAN REGION

CANADA:

St-Laurent, L., Palko, S., Huffman, T. and Unrau, E. (1995) The Canada Vegetation and Land Cover: A Raster and Vector Data set for GIS Applications - Uses in Agriculture. Ninth Annual Symposium on Geographic Information Systems, GIS 95.

St-Laurent, L. (1995) The Canada Vegetation and Land Cover - generalised version.

1: 7,500,000, (lambert conformal conic projection), GISSD (Geographic Information Systems and Services Division), Geomatics Canada, Natural Resources Canada.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) North America land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

USA:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) North America land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangrove data were generously provided by the Florida Marine Research Institute in a

digital format (FMRI, 1995). These were based on data gathered in the

National Wetlands Inventory and are based on aerial photographs taken

between 1984 and 1986 which were transferred and rectified to the US

Geological Survey 1:24,000 quads.

References:

FMRI (1995). South Florida (Saibel Island to Biscayne Bay). 1:40,000.

Digital dataset compiled by the Florida Marine Research Institute from

various sources.

MEXICO:

Evans, D., and McIntosh, S.I., (1992) no title (unpublished). A digital map based on 1km resolution AVHRR images 1990-1991. Sponsored by US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service and FAO.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : version 1.2 (1998) North America land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Digital mangrove data were kindly provided by Conservation International and

are part of the map coverage for CI/NAWCC/USFWS/SEDESOL (1992).

References:

CI/NAWCC/USFWS/SEDESOL (1992). Humedales de Mexico. 1:3,800,000.

Conservation International, North American Wetlands Conservation Council, US

Fish and Wildlife Service and SEDESOL (Secretaria de Desarrollo Social).

SOURCES FOR THE EUROPE REGION

ALBANIA:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

ANDORRA:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

AUSTRIA:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

BELGIUM:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

BOSNIA HERZEGOVINA:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

BULGARIA:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, e-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

CROATIA:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

CYPRUS:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

CZECH REPUBLIC:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

DENMARK:

Ministeriet for Fødevarer, Landbrug og Fiskeri, Statens Planteavlsforsøg. Forests of Denmark and Bornholm. Received at WCMC in 1997, date of source unknown.

ESTONIA:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

FAEROE ISLANDS:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

FINLAND:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : version 1.2 (1998) Eurasia land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

FRANCE:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

GERMANY:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

GREECE:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

CORINE Land Cover Data, received in WCMC in 1996.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

GREENLAND:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) North American land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI

HUNGARY:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

ICELAND:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

IRELAND:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

ITALY:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

CORINE Land Cover Data, received at WCMC in 1996.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

LATVIA:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

LIECHTENSTEIN:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

LITHUANIA:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

LUXEMBOURG:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

MACEDONIA (Former Yugoslav Republic):

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

MALTA:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

NETHERLANDS:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

NORWAY:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : version 1.2 (1998) Eurasia land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

POLAND:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

PORTUGAL:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

CORINE Land Cover Data, received at WCMC in 1996.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

ROMANIA:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

SAN MARINO:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

SLOVAK REPUBLIC:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

SLOVENIA:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

SPAIN:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

CORINE land Cover Data, received at WCMC in 1996.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

SWEDEN:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD : version 1.2 (1998) Eurasia land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

SWITZERLAND:

Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL). Swiss national forestry inventory. Data from the National Forest Inventory of 1983-1985, based on sample plots on a 1kmē grid.

UNITED KINGDOM:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

YUGOSLAVIA FEDERAL REPUBLIC (SERBIA):

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

SOURCES FOR THE CIS REGION

ARMENIA:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

AZERBAIJAN:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

BELARUS:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

GEORGIA:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

KAZAKHSTAN:

Isaev, A.C., (1990) Forests of the USSR. State committee of the USSR.

Scale 1: 2, 500,000.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

KYRGYZSTAN:

Isaev, A.C., (1990) Forests of the USSR. State committee of the USSR.

Scale 1: 2, 500,000.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA :

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

RUSSIAN FEDERATION:

Isaev, A.C., (1990) Forests of the USSR. State committee of the USSR.

Scale 1: 2, 500,000.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Source for Kaliningrad Oblast area of Russia:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

TAJIKISTAN:

Isaev, A.C., (1990) Forests of the USSR. State committee of the USSR.

Scale 1: 2, 500,000.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database: The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

TURKMENISTAN:

Isaev, A.C., (1990) Forests of the USSR. State committee of the USSR.

Scale 1: 2, 500,000.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database: The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

UKRAINE:

Stockholm Environment Institute (1996) The forests of Europe. Data from the AVHRR source of the European Space Agency for forest cover in Europe, re-classified by the Stockholm Environment Institute (York, U.K.) according to FAO land use data.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

UZBEKISTAN:

Isaev, A.C., (1990) Forests of the USSR. State committee of the USSR.

Scale 1: 2, 500,000.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasia land cover characteristics database: The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

SOURCES FOR ASIA:

AFGHANISTAN:

World Forestry Atlas (1971). Scale 1: 8,000,000.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

BAHRAIN

Mangrove data taken from Abbott (1995), Coral Reefs of Bahrain (Arabian

Gulf), an unpublished report, prepared for ReefBase and the World

Conservation Monitoring Centre, including sketch-map showing mangroves at

1:350,000.

BANGLADESH:

MacKinnon, J. (1997) Protected Areas Review of the Indo-Malayan Realm: Remaining Habitat Map. ASB and WCMC, Canterbury, UK.

For Bangladesh, the map in the above publication was interpreted from (a and b):

(a) Bangladesh-General Vegetation (1981) Sheet No. G8 at 1:500,000 scale, prepared by the Resource Planning Unit, Agriculture and Rural Development Department, World Bank, Washington. This is derived from updated and ground-truthed 1977 Landsat satellite imagery. (Categories used for the main map in this atlas were numbers 25 and 26, main land use Forest and Forest or Forest Reserve).

(b) data were modified by manual digitising from recent Landsat images.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangroves: Information for the Sundarbans was derived from World Bank (1981), derived

from updated and ground-truthed 1977 Landsat satellite imagery. Additional

areas are largely plantation forest, taken from a detailed sketch map

prepared for this work by N.A. Siddiqi, Bangladesh Forest Research

Institute, drawn onto a 1:1,000,000 base map.

References:

World Bank (1981). Bangladesh-General Vegetation. Sheet No. G8, 1:500,000.

Prepared by the Resource Planning Unit, Agriculture and Rural Development

Department, World Bank, Washington.

BHUTAN:

MacKinnon, J. (1997) Protected Areas Review of the Indo-Malayan Realm: Remaining Habitat Map. ASB and WCMC, Canterbury, UK.

For Bhutan, the map in the above publication was interpreted from: Wildlife Habitat classification for Bhutan - Satellite interpretation of TM images (1993) by J MacKinnon for WWF Bhutan. Partially ground-truthed. Boundaries partly modified to match WCMC Biodiversity Map Library Botanical Reporting Units.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM:

MacKinnon, J. (1997) Protected Areas Review of the Indo-Malayan Realm: Remaining Habitat Map. ASB and WCMC, Canterbury, UK.

For Brunei, the map in the above publication was interpreted from the Brunei Forest Resources and Strategic Planning Study prepared by Anderson and Marsden (1988), consultants to the Brunei Forest Department.

Mangrove data were extracted from a 1:25,000 coastal sensitivity map that

has been prepared as part of a written report on the same issue (Fisheries

Department/Shell, 1992), including coastline and shoreline type (rock, sand,

mud, mangrove, urban), and mangrove polygons. Source data includes field

survey work and data gathered as part of an ASEAN-US Coastal Resources

Management Project.

References:

Fisheries Department/Shell (1992). Coastal Environmental Sensitivity Mapping

of Brunei Darussalam. A joint project of Fisheries Department, Ministry of

Industry and Primary Resources and Brunei Shell Petroleum Company Sdn Bhd.

Unpublished report, August, 1992. 40pp + 1:250,000 map

CAMBODIA:

MacKinnon, J. (1997) Protected Areas Review of the Indo-Malayan Realm: Remaining Habitat Map, ASB and WCMC, Canterbury, UK.

For Cambodia, the map in the above publication was interpreted from a version originally digitised in AUTOCAD by the Asian Bureau for Conservation. Based on three available maps, Mebray Commission Vegetation Map, FAO study and then pulled into ARC/INFO through DXF format.

Managove data were digitised from the Mekong Secretariat (1991) which is

based on 1988/9 Landsat TM images interpreted without ground-truthing. More

recent maps (Mekong Secretariat, 1994) showing mangroves (c. 1:400,000 to

1:1,000,000) are now available.

References:

Mekong Secretariat (1991). Reconnaisance Landuse Map of Cambodia. 1:500,000,

Mekong Secretarait, Bangkok, Thailand.

Mekong Secretariat (1994). Cambodia Land Cover Atlas< 1985/87 - 1992/93

(including national and provincial statistics). remote Sensing and Mapping

Unit, Mekong Secretarait, United Nations development Programme; Food and

Agriculture Organisation, Cambodia.

CHINA

:

Mackinnon, J., Chung and Mengsha (1992) Biodiversity Review of China Forested Areas, scale unknown. Chinese Academy of Sciences.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangrove coverage was gathered from sketch maps drawn over

1:500,000-1:1,000,000 base maps, prepared for this work by Professor Lin

Peng, Xiamen University.

HONG KONG:

WWF Hong Kong (1994) Hong Kong Vegetation Map, scale 1:1,20,000.

Coastline and mangrove data from a digital dataset provided by WWF HK

(1994), prepared at 1:20,000 from 1989 aerial photographs taken at the same

scale. Details of the dataset are provided in Ashworth et al. (1983).

References:

Ashworth, J.M., Corlet, R.T., Dudgeon, D., Melville, D.S. and Tang, W.S.M.

(1983). Hong Kong Flora and Fauna: Computing Conservation, Hong Kong

Ecological Database. World Wide Fund for Nature Hong Kong. 24pp.

WWF HK (1994). Hong Kong Vegetation Map. 1:20,000 GIS on ARC/INFO prepared

by World Wide Fund for Nature Hong Kong.

ISRAEL:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

INDIA:

MacKinnon, J. (1997) Protected Areas Review of the Indo-Malayan Realm: Remaining Habitat Map. ASB and WCMC, Canterbury, UK

For India, the map in the above publication was interpreted from (a and b):

(a) forest cover data were digitised from the National Forest Vegetation Map (FSI, 1986) published by the Forest Survey of India in 26 sheets at 1:1,000,000 scale. Map sheets used in this analysis were 2. Arunachal Pradesh, 3. Assam, 5. Gujarat, 9. Karnataka, 10. Kerala, 12. Maharashtra, 13. Manipur, 14. Meghalaya, 15. Mizoram, 16. Nagaland, 21. Tamil Nadu, 22. Tripura, 24. West Bengal, 25. Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and 26. Union Territories (Goa only). For each map, the two categories dense forest (crown density above 40 per cent) and mangrove forest were extracted. Monsoon and rain forests were further delimited using Champion (1936), Champion and Seth (1968) and, in particular, the Atlas of Forest Resources of India (Das Gupta, 1976). Map sheets 16-20 from the atlas, showing forest types of India, were digitised, harmonising forest categories as follows: 'tropical wet evergreen', 'tropical semi-evergreen', 'subtropical broadleaved hill' and 'montane wet temperate' forests were combined into rain forests. The categories 'tropical moist deciduous' and 'tropical dry evergreen' forests were used to delimit monsoon forest. Montane sectors were delimited using a 3000-ft (914-m) contour taken from JNC (Jet Navigation Charts) 36, 37 and 53. Further information on the mangrove forest of the Sundarbans was taken from Department of Forests, Government of West Bengal (1973). Forest Map of South India (Pascal, 1986), published by the Karnataka and Kerala Forest Departments and the French Institute, Pondicherry, in three sheets at 1:250,000 scale with an explanatory booklet by J. P. Pascal was a valuable reference, but was not used in the preparation of this dataset. The islands of Lakshadweep have not been mapped as FSI (1986) and Das Gupta (1976) indicate no tropical forests exist there. In addition the following maps were used in preparing generalised coverage of the monsoon forests: 1. Andhra Pradesh, 4. Bihar, 11. Madhya Pradesh, 11B. Madhya Pradesh, 12. Maharashtra, 17. Orissa, 23. Uttar Pradesh, 24. West Bengal. Where monsoon forests abut onto the rain forests, these have been mapped as part of the closed moist forest dataset. However, there are extensive monsoon forests in central and eastern India, in northern India along the foothills of the Himalaya, and to the west of Bangladesh, as well as in the western and north-eastern areas digitised in the closed moist forest dataset. These monsoon forests have also been generalised and digitised.

(b) also combined with data for arid forests digitised from a diazo map at 1:3,500,000 of vegetation of India from Remote Sensing of the Himalayas (M.A. Kawasa, 1988) and four separate sheets covering the Himalayan region.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangroves: Some data were obtained from FSI (1986). Further information on the mangrove

forest of the Sundarbans was taken from Department of Forests (1973). Gaps

in these data holdings were filled using Blasco and Bellan (1995), prepared

from Landsat MSS, Landsat TM and SPOT data. Further approximate areas were

added from edits provided by Francois Blasco.

References:

FSI (1986). National Forest Vegetation Map. 1:1,000,000. Forest Survey of

India.

Department of Forests (1973). Forest Map of South India. Department of

Forests, Government of West Bengal.

Blasco, F and Bellan, M.F. (1995). A Vegetation Map of Tropical Continental

Asia. 1:5,000,000. Institut de la Carte Internationale de la Vegetation,

Toulouse, France.

INDONESIA:

MacKinnon, J. (1997) Protected Areas Review of the Indo-Malayan Realm: Remaining Habitat Map. ASB and WCMC, Canterbury, UK.

For Indonesia, the map in the above publication was interpreted from (a and b):

(a) Data produced by the Regional Planning Programme for Transmitigation (RePPProT) at a scale of 1:2, 500,000. The data was compiled over a number of years, commencing in 1984.

(b) Parts of Sumatra, Kalimantan and Irian Jaya were revised on basis of newer plots of AVHRR data provided by the TREES project.

Mangrove data have been taken from WCMC held coverages which are based on

the Regional Physical Planning Programme for Transmigration (RePPProT) work

begun in 1984 in association with the National Centre for Co-ordination of

Surveys and Mapping (BAKOSURTANAL). Surveys were based on existing reports,

air photographs and satellite or radar imagery with selective field

checking. Areas covered, dates and scales varied greatly and full details

are available from BAKOSURTANAL and RePPProT's regional reviews. Data were

generously provided to WCMC by the RePPProT team in the form of

hand-coloured draft maps at 1:2.5 million scale: Sumatra (1988), Java and

Lesser Sundas (1989), Lesser Sundas (1989), Kalimantan (Central, 1985;

South, West and East, 1987), Sulawesi (1988), Moluccas (1989), Irian Jaya

(1986). WCMC are especially grateful to the Director General of Settlement

Preparation, Ir. Djatjanto Kretosastro for use of data from the RePPProT

project; to BAKOSURTANAL for their support; and to Dr David Wall, the

RePPProT team leader, and his cartographers, for their cooperation in

providing draft maps. The total area of mangrove for Indonesia based on

these coverages is: 44,189 sq km

These maps have been further updated from a series of maps provided by Wim

Geisen of the Asian Wetlands Bureau showing key mangrove areas, notably on

Sumatra and Irian Jaya. Most maps are from unpublished reports (see list

below). The information was transferred to eight A2 maps before digitising.

Where these data differed from the data described above they were assumed to

be more accurate and the latter removed from the present coverage. Areas

marked as "disappeared or very disturbed" were not included. A small number

of original edits were provided by Dr Jim Davie, University of Queensland,

Australia and Francois Blasco.

References:

AWB (1992). Proposal: Buffer Zones Development of the Berbak National Park.

Final Draft. Asian Wetland Bureau, October, 1992.

Erftemeijer, P., Allen, G.R. and Zuwendra (1989). Preliminary resource

inventory of Bintuni Bay, Irian Jaya, and recommendations for conservation

and management. AWB-PHPA. Bogor, November 1989.

Geisen, W. (1991). Hutan Bakau Pantai Timor Nature Reserve, Jambi Survey

Report. PHPA/AWB Sumatra Wetland Project Report No. 17. December, 1991.

Geisen, W. (1991). Bakung Island, Riau (Pulau Bakung, Pulau Basu) Survey

Report. PHPA/AWB Sumatra Wetland Project Report No. 11. December, 1991.

Geisen, W., Baltzer, M. and Baruadi, R. (1991). Integrating Conservation

with Land-use Development in Wetlands of South Sulawesi. PHPA/AWB, Bogor,

October, 1991.

PETA (1992). Profil Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Lahan Basah Propinsi Jambi

Sumatra, Indonesia. PHPA/AWB Proyek Lahan Basah Sumatera, Laporan No. 20b.

February, 1992.

Silvius, M.J. and Taufik, A.T. (1990). Conservation and land use of Pulau

Kimaam, Irian Jaya. PHPA - AWB/INTERWADER, January, 1990. Unpublished

Report.

Zieren, M., Yus Rusila Noor, Baltzer, M. and Najamuddin Saleh (1990).

Wetlands of Sumba, East Nusa Tengarra: an assessment of the importance to

man, Wildlife and conservation. PHPA/AWB-Indonesia, Bogor, August, 1990.

IRAN:

European Space Agency (1992) Remote Sensing Forest Map of Europe.

Scale 1:6,000,000, derived from 1989-1992 NOAA-AVHRR data and 1987-1990 LANDSAT MSS imagery.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasia land cover characteristics database: The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangroves: Generalised data of the entire coastline were taken from Mobayen and

Tregubov (1970). Further details for the mangroves of Qeshm Island were

added from an unreferenced high resolution map provided to WCMC by M.

Khosarvi, Department of the Environment.

References:

Mobayen, S. and Tregubov, V. (1970). Carte de la Vegetation naturelle de

l'Iran, Centre National Cartographique de L'Iran.

IRAQ:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasia land cover characteristics database: The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

JAPAN:

Environment Agency, Japan (1987) Actual Vegetation Map, scale 1:3,000,000.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangroves of Iriomote Island digitised from 1:50,000 map appended to Aramoto

(1986) (map title: Map of Land Utilisation of Iriomote Island). Mangroves

for the remainder of the islands around Okinawa were digitised from the

Environment Agency (1981-87), whilst location of mangrove areas not covered

on these maps were gathered from approximate distribution maps provided by

Dr Shigeyuki Baba (June, 1995).

References:

Aramoto, M (1986). Iriomote-jima wo chusin to shita shigen shokubutsu huzon

genkyo (Bio-resources distribution in Iriomote Island, Okinawa. Published by

Chiiki-sanjyo-gijutsu-shinko-kai, Okinawa Japan. 97pp.

Environment Agency (1981-87). Actual Vegetation Map, Okinawa 1-29. 1:50,000.

The Third National Survey on the Natural Environment (Vegetation).

Environment Agency, Japan. (29-map series on 26 sheets).

JORDAN:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasia land cover characteristics database: The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

KOREA, DEMOCRATIC PEOPLES REPUBLIC:

World Forestry Atlas (1956) Korea, scale 1:5,000,000.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

KOREA, REPUBLIC:

World Forestry Atlas (1956) Korea, scale 1:5,000,000.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

LAO PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC:

MacKinnon, J. (1997) Protected Areas Review of the Indo-Malayan Realm: Remaining Habitat Map. ASB and WCMC, Canterbury, UK.

For Laos, the map in the above publication was interpreted from digitised tracings of TM interpretations by J. MacKinnon and TREES data with reference to land cover map supplied by UNEP GRID Bangkok. The scrub category was added from data digitised from plots of TREES data. This information was then superimposed on to the original map and deciduous and evergreen types reclassified.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

LEBANON:

European Space Agency (1992) Remote Sensing Forest Map of Europe.

Scale 1:6,000,000, derived from 1989-1992 NOAA-AVHRR data and 1987-1990 LANDSAT MSS imagery.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasia land cover characteristics database: The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA

Mangrove data were only available for Yap and were taken from USDI (1983),

based on aerial photographs of 1969 with field-checking in 1980.

References:

USDI (1983). Topographic map of the Yap Islands (Waqab), Federated States of

Micronesia. 1:25,000. United States Department of the Interior, Geological

Survey.

MONGOLIA:

World Forestry Atlas (1971) Mongolia, scale 1:2,000,000.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

MALAYSIA:

MacKinnon, J. (1997) Protected Areas Review of the Indo-Malayan Realm: Remaining Habitat Map. ASB and WCMC, Canterbury, UK.

For Malaysia, the map in the above publication was interpreted from (a and b):

(a) The forest area, at a scale of 1:1,000,000 a hand-coloured map obtained from the Forest Department in Kuala Lumpur in May 1989. Although undated, this unpublished map is the latest mapped information available. It is an amended version of the published Peta Khazanah Hutan Semenanjung Malaysia (Forest Map of Peninsular Malaysia), based on 1981-2 data and published in 1986 at 1:750,000 scale.

(b) Peninsular Malaysia: The forest area shows hill, montane, swamp and mangrove forests. We have only used the mangrove category directly. The original hill and montane forests have been combined and separated again at a lower contour, 3000 ft (914 m), to comply with The Vegetation Map of Malaya, 1962 (Wyatt Smith 1964). The distribution of swamp forest in the south-east of the country has also been adjusted slightly to comply with that work.

Reference:

Wyatt Smith, J. (1964) A preliminary vegetation map of Malaya with descriptions of the vegetation types. Journal of Tropical Geography 18: 200-13.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangrove data for Sabah were taken from Sabah Forestry Department (1989).

This provides a useful representation of forests within the protected and

gazetted forests in the Permanent Forest Estate, but gives no indication of

the extent (if any) of additional natural stateland forests. For Sarawak the

main source was Lands and Surveys (1979). The data for Peninsula Malaysia

are taken from Forest Department (n.d.). Although undated, this unpublished

map is an updated version of a map published in 1986.

References:

Sabah Forestry Department (1989). Sabah Malaysia, Natural and Plantation

Forests. 1:1,270,000. Sabah Forestry Department, Malaysia.

Lands and Surveys (1979). Sarawak: Forest Distribution and Land Use Map.

1:1,000,000. Director of Lands and Surveys, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Forest Department (1989). Peninsular Malaysia: The Forest Area. 1:1,000,000.

Hand-coloured map obtained from the Forest Department, Kuala Lumpur in May

1989.

MYANMAR:

MacKinnon, J. (1997) Protected Areas Review of the Indo-Malayan Realm: Remaining Habitat Map. ASB and WCMC, Canterbury, UK.

For Myanmar, the map in the above publication was interpreted from a map distinguishing between evergreen and monsoon forest, mangrove and cleared land that was digitised in AUTOCAD by ABC. this was based on A4 maps of the Forestry Department and TREES data. This coverage was then combined with the original habitat map (also in the above publication) and reclassified.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangroves: Data for the Irrawaddy Delta were obtained from Blasco and Bellan (1995),

prepared from Landsat MSS, Landsat TM and SPOT data. Further data were added

based on the mangrove arcs shown on Petroconsultants SA (1990).

References:

Blasco, F and Bellan, M.F. (1995). A Vegetation Map of Tropical Continental

Asia. 1:5,000,000. Institut de la Carte Internationale de la Vegetation,

Toulouse, France.

Petroconsultants SA (1990). MUNDOCART/CD. Version 2.0. 1:1,000,000 world map

prepared from the Operational Navigational Charts of the United States

Defense Mapping Agency. Petroconsultants (CES) Ltd, London, UK.

NEPAL:

MacKinnon, J. (1997) Protected Areas Review of the Indo-Malayan Realm: Remaining Habitat Map. ASB and WCMC, Canterbury, UK. based on 1980-1990's AVHRR and LANDSAT images. Scale 1:1,000,000.

For Nepal, the map in the above publication was interpreted from data in UNEP GRID in Bangkok, derived from 1km resolution AVHRR satellite landuse data 1992-1993. This was combined with Vegetation map of Himalayas Part IV (Nepal) scale 1: 1,000,000 showing forests (continuous canopy) and degraded forests (40-60% cover) produced from LANDSAT imagery. Resulting coverage was reclassified into three categories, forest, degraded forest and non-forest according to areas of agreement or disagreement between the two data sources. The coverage was overlain with the original habitat types map (also in the above publication) and reclassified according to original condition.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

OMAN:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasia land cover characteristics database: The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangroves have been added to a 1:1,000,000 base-map IUCN (1986, 1987, 1988)

which plot mangroves as points or polygons on maps at 1:312,500. These maps

only cover approximately half of the coastline between the Yemen border and

the centre of Sawqirah Bay and from Ras ad Daffah to Sarimah.

References:

IUCN (1986). Oman Coastal Zone Management Plan: Greater Capital Area.

Prepared for Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Muscat, Oman. IUCN, Gland,

Switzerland. 78pp.

IUCN (1988). Oman Coastal Zone Management Plan: Quriyat to Ra's al Hadd.

Prepared for Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Muscat, Oman. IUCN, Gland,

Switzerland. 57pp.

IUCN (1989). Oman Coastal Zone Management Plan: Dhofar: Volume 2: Resource

Atlas. Prepared for Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Muscat, Oman. IUCN,

Gland, Switzerland. 41pp.

PAKISTAN:

MacKinnon, J. (1997) Protected Areas Review of the Indo-Malayan Realm: Remaining Habitat Map. ASB and WCMC, Canterbury, UK.

For Pakistan, the map in the above publication was interpreted in the following manner:

1. Deserts, alpine and glacier habitats were assumed to be remaining.
2. Remaining forest patches were digitised from two poor quality forestry maps of Pakistan and required transforming to match geographic projection. General reliability of these sources is thought to be poor.
3. Mangroves were added from spatial data held in WCMC.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangroves for the Indus Delta were extracted from 1:1,000,000 map in Meynell

and Qureshi (1993). Remaining areas were added to a 1:1,000,000 base map by

S.M. Saifullah, Karachi University.

References:

Meynell, P.J. and Qureshi, M.T. (1993). Sustainable management of the

mangrove ecosystem in the Indus Delta. In: Moser, M. and van Wessen, J.

(eds.). Wetlands and Waterfowl Conservation in South and West Asia. IWRB

Publications, No. 25. Gloucester, UK.

PHILIPPINES:

Forest Management Bureau (1988) Forest Cover Map of the Philippine Islands.

Scale 1: 2,000,000.

National Mapping and Resource Information Authority. Landuse map,

Scale 1: 5,000,000.

Mangroves: Processed satellite imagery has been kindly provided by NAMRIA (1988),

prepared from SPOT images taken in 1987, at a scale of 1:250,000. Some of

the smallest islands in the southwest, central and northern parts of the

country are not included in the coverage, but are not likely to be make a

significant difference to the total area.

References:

NAMRIA (1988). Land cover Maps. National Mapping and Resources Information

Authority, Manila, Republic of the Philippines.

SAUDI ARABIA:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasia land cover characteristics database: The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangroves: Maps have been prepared for the Red Sea from IUCN/MEPA unpublished reports with detailed data at 1:250,000, and for the Arabian Gulf from MEPA (1987)

maps which simply mark small linear sections of the coast as having mangrove

(1:2,000,000).

References:

IUCN/MEPA (1984) Report on the Distribution of Habitats and Species in the

Saudi Arabian Red Sea: Part 1. Saudi Arabia Marine Conservation Programme,

Report No. 4. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland/Meteorology and Environmental

Protection Administration, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 123pp + numerous

tables, photos, maps.

IUCN/MEPA (1985). Distribution of Habitats and Species along the Southern

Red Sea Coast of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia Marine Conservation Programme,

Report No. 11. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland/Meteorology and Environmental

Protection Administration, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 61pp + numerous

tables, photos, maps, annexes.

MEPA (1987). Arabian Gulf. Saudi Arabia: an assessment of biotopes and

coastal zone management requirements for the Arabian Gulf. MEPA Coastal and

Marine Management Series. Technical Report No. 5, December 1987 (printed

January 1992). Meteorology and Environmental Protection Administration,

Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia/IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 248pp.

SEYCHELLES

Mangroves for most islands have been prepared from a DOS (1978) 6-map

series, themselves compiled from air photography, June 1960. Vegetation data

for Aldabra were annotated onto on these maps by R.N Jenkin.

References:

D.O.S. (1978) Aldabra Island East 1:25,000 Series Y852 (Department of

Overseas Surveys 304P) Ed.3

D.O.S. (1978) Aldabra Island West 1:25,000 Series Y852 (Department of

Overseas Surveys 304P) Ed.3

D.O.S. (1979) Cosmoledo Group 1:25,000 Series 304P Ed. 1-Department of

Overseas Surveys

D.O.S. (1978) Farquhar Group 1:25,000 Series 304P Ed. 1-Department of

Overseas Surveys

D.O.S. (1993) Providence Group (North) 1:25,000 Series 304P Ed.3-OS

D.O.S. (1993) Providence Group (South) 1:25,000 Series 304P Ed.3-OS

SINGAPORE:

MacKinnon, J. (1997) Protected Areas Review of the Indo-Malayan Realm: Remaining Habitat Map. ASB and WCMC, Canterbury, UK. based on 1980-1990's AVHRR and LANDSAT images. Scale 1:1,000,000.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

SRI LANKA:

Forest Management and Planting Project (1995) Forest map of Sri Lanka. From 1988 Landsat images, interpreted at about 1:50,000.

SYRIA:

European Space Agency (1992) Remote Sensing Forest Map of Europe.

Scale 1:6,000,000, derived from 1989-1992 NOAA-AVHRR data and 1987-1990 LANDSAT MSS imagery.

TAIWAN:

Mackinnon, J., Chung and Mengsha (1992) Biodiversity Review of China Forested Areas, scale unknown. Chinese Academy of Sciences.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangrove coverage gathered from sketch maps drawn over 1:500,000-1:1,000,000

base maps, prepared for this work by Dr Jane Lewis, National Taiwan Ocean

University.

THAILAND:

MacKinnon, J. (1997) Protected Areas Review of the Indo-Malayan Realm: Remaining Habitat Map. ASB and WCMC, Canterbury, UK.

The Thailand map in the above publication was interpreted from The Royal Forest Department (RFD) Dataset "THFT" (based on 1993 Landsat imagery) which was first projected transformed slightly to account for a small misalignment. The RFD coastlines and international boundaries were removed and replaced with the WCMC Botanical Reporting Units border file.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangrove polygons were prepared from the four-map series (IDRC/NRCT/RFD,

1991) produced as a part of the Remote Sensing and Mangroves Project

(Thailand) at a scale of 1:500,000. Sources for these maps were Landsat-MSS

data recorded in 1986-1987.

References:

IDRC/NRCT/RFD (1991) Remote Sensing and Mangroves Project (Thailand). Series

of four maps prepared at 1:500,000 by the Remote Sensing Division of the

National Research Council. International Development Research Centre,

National Research Council of Thailand and the Royal Forestry Department.

TURKEY:

European Space Agency (1992) Remote Sensing Forest Map of Europe.

Scale 1:6,000,000, derived from 1989-1992 NOAA-AVHRR data and 1987-1990 LANDSAT MSS imagery.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

UNITED ARAB EMITATES:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasia land cover characteristics database: The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI

VIETNAM:

MacKinnon, J. (1997) Protected Areas Review of the Indo-Malayan Realm: Remaining Habitat Map. ASB and WCMC, Canterbury, UK.

The map for Vietnam in the above publication was digitised in AUTOCAD by Asian Bureau for Conservation, converted via DXF to ARC and rubber sheeted to fit the DCW boundary more exactly.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Data showing mangrove in the Mekong Delta only are taken from Anon (1987),

believed to be the result of a forest inventory in 1987.

References:

Anon (1987). Cac Loai Thuc Vat bi de Doa Dien Hinh va Mot Vung Tap Trung.

1:4,000,000. Publisher unknown.

YEMEN:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangroves: Data for the former Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) obtained from IUCN

(1987), which contains four maps covering the coast at 1:500,000, based on

field surveys. A small area of the coast of the former South Yemen was added

from Sheppard et al. (1992) and areas were annotated for the Island of

Socotra from RGS (1978). This is reported to be the most accurate data

available for the island and has a symbol which describes 'coastal marsh and

mangrove'.

References:

IUCN (1987). The Distribution of Habitats and Species along the YAR

Coastline. IUCN, The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland.

RGS (1978). Socotra 1:125,000 Royal Geographical Society, London.

Sheppard, C., Price, A. and Roberts, C. (1992) Marine Ecology of the Arabian

Region: Patterns and Processes in Extreme Tropical Environments. Academic

Press, London, UK.

SOURCES FOR OCEANIA

AUSTRALIA:

Canahan, J.A, and Australian Surveying and Land Information Group (1989) Australia: Present Vegetation . Scale 1:5,000,000, based on standard false colour transparencies of 1980-1985 LANDSAT imagery at 1:1,000,000 scale.

Department of Forestry (1987) Edition 4 North Queensland. Scale 1:500,000. (generalized)

Department of Forestry (1988) Edition 1 Far North Queensland. Scale 1:500,000. (generalized)

AUSLIG (1997) Australia: mangroves

USDMA (1989) Operational Navigation Chart. 1:1,000,000. Global map series published by the US Defense Mapping Agency.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Australia/Pacific land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangrove data taken from ONC charts (1989) at 1:1,000,000 scale and a

1:500,000 scale map (mid 1980's) Australia: Present Vegetation produced by

the Australian Surveying and Land Information Group (AUSLIG), Department of

Administrative Services. Assistance was received from Max Finlayson at the

Alligator Rivers Region Research Institute, the author of the Australian

chapter of the IUCN Wetlands atlas and from G.W. Howard, IUCN East Africa,

who advised in the classification of the digitised information and the

location of mangal areas.

References:

AUSLIG (198?). Australia: Present Vegetation

USDMA (1989). Operational Navigation Chart. 1:1,000,000. Global map series

published by the US Defense Mapping Agency.

FIJI:

Ministry of Forests, Fiji (1985). Scale 1: 500,000.

Mangroves :The remaining indigenous forest in Fiji was digitised from a 1:500,000 scale

forest cover map, prepared by the Ministry of Forests, Fiji, from a 1985

survey. Forest types were added with the help of the Maruia Society,

Auckland, New Zealand, whose staff generously prepared a summary forest map

based on the Fiji Forest Inventory carried out in 1966-9 and published in

1972, in 29 map sheets at 1:50,000 by the Directorate of Overseas Surveys,

London.

GUAM

Mangroves have been digitised from Randall and Eldredge (1976) onto a

1:100,000 base map (USDA, 1983). The original source was 1:4,800 aerial

photos. Data were supplied by Dr Charles Birkeland to WCMC (March, 1995).

Despite their age it is assumed that they remain relatively accurate.

References:

Randall, R.H. and Eldredge, L.G. (1976). Atlas of the reefs and beaches of

Guam, with Appendix: Estuarine and mangrove shorelines (by M.J. Wilder).

Coastal Zone Management Section, Bureau of Planning, Government of Guam,

Agana, Guam. 191pp.

USDA (1983). Island of Guam. Approximately 1:100,000 scale. Soil

Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture.

NEW CALEDONIA:

Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer (ORSTOM) (1981) Atlas de la Nouvelle Caledonie et Dépendances

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Australia/Pacific land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangrove data were taken from the 1:1,000,000 scale map Atlas de la Nouvelle

Caledonie et Dependances (1981) by Office de la Recherche Scientifique et

Technique Outre-Mer (ORSTOM) and published by ORSTOM, Paris, France.

NEW ZEALAND:

Ministry of forestry, New Zealand (1996). Forest cover of New Zealand.

Sources: New Zealand Forest Service Mapping series 1 at 1:250,000 and INFOMAP 260 Series 1975-1980's and ancillary data from FRI/NZFS.

Mangroves were copied from NZ topographic map series (Department of Lands

and Survey (various) onto a 1:c700,000 base map before digitising. Source

data from these maps was aerial photography undertaken between 1960 and

1982.

References:

Department of Lands and Survey (1979-85) 1:50,000 NZMS 260. Department of

Lands and Survey, New Zealand.

Department of Lands and Survey (1968-85) 1:63,360 NZMS 1. Department of

Lands and Survey, New Zealand.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA:

MacKinnon, J. (1997) Protected Areas Review of the Indo-Malayan Realm: Remaining Habitat Map. ASB and WCMC, Canterbury, UK.

For Papua New Guinea, the map in the above publication was derived from the following works (a and b):

1. Collins, N.M., J.A. Sayer and T. C. Whitmore (Eds) (1991). Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests. Asia and the Pacific. Macmillan, London, UK. The map for Papua New Guinea in the Conservation Atlas was derived from: a set of 18 maps at 1:500,000 scale dating from 1971: PNG Vegetation and Timber Resources Edition 2. Compiled by the Australian Department of Defence from air photography and radar imagery, these maps show the distribution of major forest types. Given the relatively slow rate of change in PNG, they are still of value. However, K . Paijmans's (1975) set of four 1:1,000,000 scale maps remains the most useful and recent set of data, and formed the basis for the map presented in this dataset. Vegetation of Papua New Guinea and the accompanying Explanatory Notes show 13 forest categories, mangrove and 10 other categories. In the forest categories, lowland rain forests mapped here have been compiled from Paijmans's categories large to medium crowned and small crowned forests on plains and farms (FPI, FPs), littoral forest (FB), medium, small and large crowned lowland hill forests (FHm, FHs, FHI) and dry evergreen forest (Fd). Freshwater swamp forest comprises Paijmans' open forest on plains (FPo), swamp forest (Fsw) and moist swamp woodland (Wsw). Montane forest comprises lower montane (FL), coniferous lower montane (FLc), very small-crowned lower montane (FLs) and montane (FM) forests, and begins at 1400m altitude. Seasonal (monsoon) forest is Paijmans's woodland category W. Non-forest comprises Paijmans's categories of scrub (Sc), savanna (Sa), grassland (G, Gsw) mixed herbaceous vegetation (Hsw) and gardens (Ga). Areas of secondary forest, indicated by an overlay of dots onto the forest type by Paijmans, have not been distinguished in this dataset. Pioneer vegetation (Pi) has been included with its neighbouring climax forest type.
2. Manual classification lines drawn on TREES data plots only where newer data showed changes to forest distribution in the Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests .

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasian land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Digital Mapped data have kindly been provided by the Research School of

Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, with generous

permission from the Department of Agriculture and Livestock, Papua New

Guinea. These data are taken from the Papua New Guinea Resource Information

System, developed by the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial

Research Organisation. The source data have been generated from extensive

field studies, extrapolated over the whole country by air photograph

interpretation of 1:50,000 and 1:80,000 images taken in the 1960s and 1970s,

and mapped at a scale of 1:500,000. Although data are old it is thought that

rates of change may not be large in this country, while these data are the

most accurate available for this country.

References:

Bellamy, J.A. (1986). Papua New Guinea Inventory of Natural Resources:

Population Distribution and Land Use Handbook. Natural Resource Series No.6,

CSIRO Division of Water and Land Resources, Canberra.

Paijmans, K. (Ed.) (1976). New Guinea Vegetation. Australian National

University Press and CSIRO, Canberra.

SOLOMON ISLANDS:

Chaplin, G. and Forestry Division (1980). Hand coloured map, scale 1:1,000,000.

TONGA

Data for Tonga taken from DOS (1971), based on aerial photographs taken in

1968 and field checked in 1972.

References:

D.O.S. (1971). Tongatapu Island, Kingdom of Tonga. 1:50,000. Series X773

(D.O.S. 6005) Sheet TONGATAPU, Edition 1-D.O.S. 1971 (reprinted 1976).

Directorate of Overseas Surveys, UK and Ministry of Lands and Survey, Tonga.

VANUATU:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Australia/Pacific land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangroves: Data extracted from relevant vegetation maps in Quantin (1972). (Mangroves

are only shown for Vate (1:250,000), Ile Emae (1:100,000), Malikolo

(1:200,000), upi (1:200,000), Iles Torres (1:100,000), Iles Banks

(1:100,000), Ile Aniwa (1:100,000).

References:

Quantin, P. (1972). Archipel des Nouvelles - Hebrides. Atlas des Sols et de

Quelques donnes du Milieu Naturel. 1:100,000-1:200,000. Office de la

Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer, Paris, France.

SOURCES FOR LATIN AMERICAN REGION

ARGENTINA:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD Preliminary version (1997) South America Seasonal Land Cover Regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from are based on 1-km 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images analysed for NDVI.

BELIZE:

Iremonger, S., N. Brokaw and N. Bech (1995). Vegetation map of Belize.

Based on LANDSAT images from 1993 mosaiqued into a composite print at 1:250,000.

Mangrove data taken from, Gibson, J.P, Price, A.R.G. and Young, E. (1993)

Guidelines for Developing a Coastal Zone Management Plan for Belize: The GIS

Database. A Marine Conservation and Development Report. IUCN, Gland

Switzerland.

BOLIVIA

Brockman, C. (Ed) (1978) Memoria del Mapa de Cobertura y Uso de la Tierra. ERTS-GEOBOL, La Paz, Bolivia.

Centro de Datos para la Conservacion (CDC) Bolivia (1992) Bolivia Areas Boscosas. Unknown scale and projection.

BRAZIL:

Fundacao Instituto Brasileriro de Geografia e Estatistica (IBGE). (1993) Mapa de Vegetacao do Brasil. 1:5,000,000, (polyconic projection). IBAMA.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) South America land cover characteristics database: The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangrove data were taken from Herz (1991). The 1:250,000 maps were

photo-reduced prior to digitising and hence the map prepared does not

contain the full detail portrayed in this source.

References:

Herz, R. (1991). Manguezais do Brasil. Instituto Oceanografico da

Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

CHILE:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD Preliminary version (1997) South America Seasonal Land Cover Regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from are based on 1-km 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images analysed for NDVI.

COLOMBIA:

Codazzi, A. Ministerio de Hacienda and Instituto Geográfico (1995). República de Colombia: Mapa de Bosques. 1:1,500,000 scale, based on IGAC-INDERENA (1984). Mapa de Bosques de Colombia. 1:500,000 scale.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) South America land cover characteristics database: The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangroves : Basic map data were derived from the Ministerio de Hacienda (1985), with

further edits estimated from two basic (1:5,000,000) maps provided by

Sanchez, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (1995) and Monor Corrections provided

by Frantois Blasco.

References

Ministerio de Hacienda (1985), Republica de Colombia: Mapa de Bosques.

1:1,500,000. Produced by the by the Ministerio de Hacienda and Instituto

Geografico "Agustin Codazzi".

COSTA RICA:

Ministerio de Recursos Naturales, Energia y Minas, Direccion General Forestal (1988) Mapa de Cobertura Boscosa de Costa Rica (+60% densidad). Scale 1:200,000.

Tosi Jr., J.A. (1969) Mapa Ecológico - República de Costa Rica. Centro Científico Tropical, San José.

Matamoros (pers. comm., 1992) Mangroves

Mangrove data were digitised from a variety of maps at a scale of 1:200,000

taken from the Instituto Geografico Nacional map series.

References:

Instituto Geografico Nacional (various dates). Costa Rica.

1:200,000.Instituto Geografico Nacional , San JosT, Costa Rica:

Individual maps entitled as follows:

CR2CM-1 Liberia. Edicion 1-IGNCR. Prepared: 1970

CR2CM-2 San Carlos. Edicion 1-IGNCR. Prepared: 1970, revised: 1988

CR2CM-3 Barra del Colorado. Edicion 1-IGNCR. Prepared: 1970, revised: 1988

CR2CM-4 Nicoya. Edicion 2-IGNCR. Prepared: 1968, revised: 1988

CR2CM-5 San Jose. Prepared: 1968, revised: 1988

CR2CM-6 Limon. Edicion 1-IGNCR. Prepared: 1969

CR2CM-7 Quepos. Prepared: 1969, revised: 1988

CR2CM-8 Talamanca. Prepared: 1970, revised: 1988

CR2CM-9 Golfito. Prepared: 1970, revised: 1988

ECUADOR:

CLIRSEN and DINAF (1991). República del Ecuador - Mapa Forestal. Scale 1:1,000,000.

CLIRSEN and DINAF (1987). Mapa Forestal de Manglares.

Mangrove data taken from the 1:1,000,000 scale map Republica del Ecuador -

Mapa Forestal (1991), produced by Centro de Levantamientos Integrados de

Recursos Naturales por Sensores Remotos (CLIRSEN) and Direccion Nacional

Forestal (DINAF).

EL SALVADOR:

Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia, Direccion General de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Programa Determinacion del Uso Potential del Suelo (1981) Mapa de Vegetación Arbórea de El Salvador. Scale of 1:200,000.

Mangrove data were taken from the 1:200,000 scale map Mapa de Vegetacion

Arborea de el Salvador (1981) by Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia

published by Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderfa, Direccion General de

Recursos Naturales Renovables, Programa Determinacion del Uso Potential del

Suelo.

FRENCH GUIANA:

Centre d'Etudes de Geographie Tropicale (1979) Vegetation-La Guyane: Plance 12. Atlas des Departements d'Outre Mer. Scale 1:1,000,000.

Mangrove data were taken from Vegetation - La Guyane: Planche 12 (1979) by

ORSTOM, Atlas des Departements D'Outre Mer, Centre d'Etudes de Geographie

Tropicale - Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer,

Paris, France.

GUATEMALA:

PAFG (1992) Cubierta Forestal de la República de Guatemala - Plan de Acción Forestal de Guatemala (post 1992) Scale of 1:500,000, based on an earlier map (1992) Mapa Preliminar de la Cubierta Forestal de Guatemala. Scale 1:250,000.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) South America land cover characteristics database: The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangrove data for the source map originated from a 1:250,000 scale map, Mapa

Preliminar de la Cubierta Forestal de Guatemala (1992). Anon (n.d.).

Cubierta Forestal de la Republica de Guatemala - Plan de Accion Forestal de

Guatemala. 1:500,000.

GUYANA:

Huber, O., G. Gharbarran and V. Funk (1995) Vegetation map of Guyana.

Scale 1:1,000,000. From Landsat 5 and other sources.

Mangroves: Map data were supplied in a digital format from the World Wildlife Fund

(USA). These data are of unknown origin, but have been published in Olson

et al. (1996).

References:

Olson, D.M., Dinerstein, E., Cintron and Isolster, P. (1996). A Conservation

assessment of mangrove ecosystems of Latin America and the Caribbean. Report

from WWF's Conservation Assessment of Mangrove Ecosystems of Latin America

and Carribean Workshop, December 2-4, 1995, Washington D.C., USA.

HONDURAS:

COHDEFOR (1992) Cobertura Forestal y Deforestación (1965-1990).

Scale 1:500,000.

COHDEFOR (nd) Unpublished mapMapa de Recurses Costeros. Scale of 1:1,000,000

Mangrove data were taken from the 1:1,000,000 unpublished map Mapa de

Recurses Costeros produced by COHDEFOR (nd).

NICARAGUA:

Instituto Nicaraguense de Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente (IRENA) (1991) Estado Actual de la Vegetación Forestal de Nicaragua. Direccion de Administracion de Bosques Nacionales, Centro de Investigation Forestal, Section Ecologica Forestal. Scale 1:1,000,000.

Mangroves prepared from INRNA (1991), which plots all mangroves on the

Pacific coast as 'Bosque claro sempervirente de manglares y tierras

pantanosas de manglares sin vegetacion arborescente', effectively degraded

mangrove.

References:

INRNA (1991). Estado Actual de la Vegetacion Forestal de Nicaragua.

1:1,000,000. Instituto Nicaraguense de Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente,

Direccion de Administracion de Bosques Nacionales.

PANAMA:

Atlas Nacional de Panamá (1980) 8.1 Vegetación Actual, Scale 1:1,000,000, based on FAO (1970/71) Inventario Forestal Nacional, Atlas Nacional de Panamá (1975) and Dirección de Desarrollo Forestal, Instituto de Recursos Naturales Renovables (INRENARE).

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) South America land cover characteristics database: The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangrove data were taken from the 1: 250,000 scale maps (Five sheets)

Republica de Panama - Inventario de Manglares (1988) by the Instituto

Geografico Nacional (IGN) "Tommy Guardia", published by IGN "Tommy Guardia",

Panama.

PARAGUAY:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD Preliminary version (1997) South America Seasonal Land Cover Regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from are based on 1-km 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images analysed for NDVI.

PERU:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) Eurasia land cover characteristics database: The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Unpublished maps (ONERN/ODC/FPCN, 1992) were kindly provided by Jorge

Echevarria, Universidad Nacional de Tumbes. These cover the largest area of

mangroves in Peru. Sources for these data come from 1:25,000 "carta

fotogrmetrica" and HRV SPOT imagery from 30 March 1991. A second, smaller,

area (estimated at 300 ha, J Echevarria, pers. comm. 1995) has been added

from a sketch map taken from Pena and Vasquez (1985).

References:

ONERN/ODC/FPCN (1992). Mapa de cobertura y uso de la tierra (Ano 1992).

Oficina Nacional de Evaluacion de Recursos Naturales (ONERN), Oficina de

Coordinacion del Progama de Desarollo Forestal Peru-Canada (ODC) and

Fundacion Peruana para la Conservacin de la Naturaleza (FPCN).

Pena, G.M. and Vasquez, P.G. (198?). Un Relicto de Manglar en San Pedro

(Piura). Boletfn de Lima 42:1-7.

SURINAME:

National Planning Office of Suriname (1988). The Vegetation of the Suriname Planatlas. Scale 1: 1,000,000, based on Teunissen (1978) Reconnaissance Map of Surinam Lowland Ecosystems.

The source map for mangrove data is largely based on 1978 data taken from

Suriname Planatlas by SPS (1988).

References:

SPS (1988). Suriname Planatlas. Stichting Planbureau Suriname. Department of

Regional Development, O.A.S., Washington, D.C., USA.

URUGUAY:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD Preliminary version (1997) South America Seasonal Land Cover Regions. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from are based on 1-km 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images analysed for NDVI.

VENEZUELA:

Huber, O. and Alarcon, C. (1988) Mapa de Vegetación de Venezuela. The Ministerio del Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales Renovables and The Nature Conservancy. Scale 1:2,000,000.

MARNR (1989). Manglares de Venezuela. Distribución Geográfica de los Manglares en Venezuela. Cuadernos, Lagoven, Caracas.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) South America land cover characteristics database: The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI.

Mangrove data were obtained from Huber and Alarcon (1988), which, although published

in 1988, reflects the status of the vegetation cover in Venezuela for

approximately 1982. Further reference was made to MARNR (1989) to improve

this coverage.

References:

Huber, O. and Alarcon, C. (1988). Mapa de Vegetacion de Venezuela.

1:2,000,000. Ministerio del Ambiente y los Recursos Naturales Renovables and

The Nature Conservancy.

MARNR (1989). Manglares de Venezuela - Distribucion Geografica de los

Manglares en Venezuela. Cuadernos, Lagoven, Caracas.

SOURCES FOR THE CARIBBEAN REGION

ANGUILLA

Mangrove data were taken from a series of Preliminary Data Atlases published

by The Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program (ECNAMP), a

cooperative effort of the Caribbean Conservation Association and the School

of Natural Resources of the University of Michigan. Data for these atlases

have been drawn from a wide variety of sources, in most cases the scale of

the maps is between 1:50,000 and 1:300,000.

ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA

Mangrove data were taken from a series of Preliminary Data Atlases published

by The Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program (ECNAMP), a

cooperative effort of the Caribbean Conservation Association and the School

of Natural Resources of the University of Michigan. Data for these atlases

have been drawn from a wide variety of sources, in most cases the scale of

the maps is between 1:50,000 and 1:300,000.

ARUBA

Mangrove data were taken from a series of Preliminary Data Atlases published

by The Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program (ECNAMP), a

cooperative effort of the Caribbean Conservation Association and the School

of Natural Resources of the University of Michigan. Data for these atlases

have been drawn from a wide variety of sources, in most cases the scale of

the maps is between 1:50,000 and 1:300,000

.

BAHAMAS:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) North American land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI

For mangrove data maps have been copied onto a 1:1000,000 base map from

three sources by Berndtson and Berndtson (n.d.) and Sealey and Burrows

(1992). None of these sources should be considered highly accurate, but

better data were unavailable.

References:-

Berndtson and Berndtson (n.d.). Bahamas North 1:500,000 Road Map. Berndtson

and Berndtson Publications, Furstenfeldbruck, Germany. (Used for: Bimini

Island - 1:100,000).

Berndtson and Berndtson (n.d.). Bahamas South 1:500,000 Road Map. Berndtson

and Berndtson Publications, Furstenfeldbruck, Germany. (Used for: Aklins

Island only - 1:500,000: Mayaguana - 1:500,000: Great Inagua - 1:500,000:

Exuma Islands - 1:500,000: Cat Island - 1:500,000: San Salvador - 1:250,000:

Long Island - 1:500,000).

Sealey,N and Burrows,ej (editors) (1992). School Atlas for the Commonwealth

of the Bahamas, Longman Group UK Ltd., Harlow, UK. 49pp. (Used for Grand

Bahama - 1:600,000; Abaco - 1:650,000: New Providence - 1:110,000: Andros -

1:730,000).

BARBADOS:

Caribbean Conservation Association, the University of Michigan and the United Nations Environment Programme (1980). Barbados - Preliminary Data Atlas: Survey of Conservation Priorities in the Lesser Antilles.

Mangrove data were taken from a series of Preliminary Data Atlases published

by The Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program (ECNAMP), a

cooperative effort of the Caribbean Conservation Association and the School

of Natural Resources of the University of Michigan. Data for these atlases

have been drawn from a wide variety of sources, in most cases the scale of

the maps is between 1:50,000 and 1:300,000.

CAYMAN ISLANDS:

Ministry of Overseas Development (1978) Cayman Islands - Little Cayman, Cayman Islands - Cayman Brac and Cayman Islands -Grand Cayman 1: 25,000.

Vegetation data, including Mangroves, were taken from the Directorate of

Overseas Surveys (D.O.S.) 1:25,000 four-map series (1978). For Grand Cayman,

mangrove was digitised by Andrew Dunn of Edinburgh University.

References:

D.O.S. (1978) Cayman Islands 1:25,000. Series E821 (D.O.S. 328), Sheets

1,2,3 and 4 Edition 3-D.O.S. 1978. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, UK and

Survey Department, Cayman Islands.

Vegetation data, including Mangroves, were taken from the Directorate of

Overseas Surveys (D.O.S.) 1:25,000 four-map series (1978). For Grand Cayman,

mangrove was digitised by Andrew Dunn of Edinburgh University.

References:

D.O.S. (1978) Cayman Islands 1:25,000. Series E821 (D.O.S. 328), Sheets

1,2,3 and 4 Edition 3-D.O.S. 1978. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, UK and

Survey Department, Cayman Islands.

CUBA:

Capote López, R.P.,et al. (1989) Nuevo Atlas Nacional de Cuba: X Flora y Vegetación: 1 Vegetación Actual. Scale 1:1,000,000. Academia de Ciencias de Cuba.

Mangrove data were taken from the 1:1,000,000 scale map Nuevo Atlas Nacional

de Cuba: X Flora y Vegetacion: 1 Vegetacion Actual, (1989), produced by the

Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. The vegetation map was prepared by Capote

Lopez, R.P., Ricardo Napoles, N.E., Gonzalez Areu, A.V., Garcia Rivera,

E.E., Vilamajo Alberdi, D. and Urbino Rodriguez, J.

DOMINICA:

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) North American land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI

Mangrove data were taken from a series of Preliminary Data Atlases published

by The Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program (ECNAMP), a

co-operative effort of the Caribbean Conservation Association and the School

of Natural Resources of the University of Michigan. Data for these atlases

have been drawn from a wide variety of sources, in most cases the scale of

the maps is between 1:50,000 and 1:300,000.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC:

Schubert (1993) Sketch map - Conservation of Biological Diversity in the Dominican Republic (no scale)

Mangrove data were taken from the map in Schubert (1993) which is

approximately 1:2,000,000, based on 1984 aerial photographs.

References:

Schubert, A. (1993). Conservation of biological diversity in the Dominican

Republic. Oryx 27 (2): 115-121.

GRENADA

Mangrove data were taken from a series of Preliminary Data Atlases published

by The Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program (ECNAMP), a

cooperative effort of the Caribbean Conservation Association and the School

of Natural Resources of the University of Michigan. Data for these atlases

have been drawn from a wide variety of sources, in most cases the scale of

the maps is between 1:50,000 and 1:300,000.

GUADELOUPE:

Centre d'Etudes de Géographie Tropicale. (1980) La Guadeloupe - Planche 9 - vegetation. 1: 150,000.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) North American land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI

Guadelope mangrove data is taken from CNRS (1980), whilst data for St Martin

and St Barthelemy are taken from a series of Preliminary Data Atlases

published by The Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program (ECNAMP),

a co-operative effort of the Caribbean Conservation Association and the

School of Natural Resources of the University of Michigan. Data for these

atlases have been drawn from a wide variety of sources, in most cases the

scale of the maps is between 1:50,000 and 1:300,000.

References:

CNRS (1980). La Guadeloupe, Vegetation . Planche 9, Atlas des Departements

d'Outre-Mer. 1:150,000. Centre d'Etudes de Geographie Tropicale, C.N.R.S.

33405 Talence, France.

HAITI:

Ehrlich, M., Conway, F., Adrien, N., Le Beau, F., Lewis, L., Lauwerysen, H., Lowenthal, I., Mayda, Y., Paryski, P., Smucker, G., Talbot, J. and Wilcox, E. (1985) Haiti: Country Environmental Profile, a field study. USAID.

U.S.G.S. EROS Data Center/GLCCD version 1.2 (1998) North American land cover characteristics database. The data have 1-km nominal spatial resolution, derived from 1992-1993 monthly AVHRR images, analysed for NDVI

Mangroves were digitised from the 1:100,000 source map Atlas d'Haiti (full

reference unavailable). Source data for this map includes aerial photographs

from 1978 taken at 1:40,000 and 1982 agriculture maps.

References:

Unknown (n.d.). Atlas d'Haiti. Planche 8 Ecologie by Roca, P.-J.

1:1,000,000.

JAMAICA:

Muchoney, D.M.M., S. Iremonger and R.Wright. The vegetation of Jamaica.

From Landsat TM images, 1988-1989, classified electronically.

Muchoney, D.M.M., S. Iremonger and R.Wright. The vegetation of the Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park. From SPOT Panchromatic (1991) and Landsat TM images (1988-1989), merged, and black and white aerial photos at about 1:20,000, from 1993.

MARTINIQUE:

L'Institute Geographique National, Paris. (1976) Atlas de Departements D'Outre-Mer. La Martinique. Vegetation. 1: 150,000.

MONTSERRAT:

Ministry of Overseas Development (1983). Tourist map of Montserrat: Emerald Isle of the Caribbean. Scale 1: 25,000.

Mangrove data were taken from a series of Preliminary Data Atlases published

by The Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program (ECNAMP), a

cooperative effort of the Caribbean Conservation Association and the School

of Natural Resources of the University of Michigan. Data for these atlases

have been drawn from a wide variety of sources, in most cases the scale of

the maps is between 1:50,000 and 1:300,000.

NETHERLANDS ANTILLES

Mangrove data were taken from a series of Preliminary Data Atlases published

by The Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program (ECNAMP), a

cooperative effort of the Caribbean Conservation Association and the School

of Natural Resources of the University of Michigan. Data for these atlases

have been drawn from a wide variety of sources, in most cases the scale of

the maps is between 1:50,000 and 1:300,000.

PUERTO RICO:

Ramos, O M and Lugo, A (1994) Vegetation map for Puerto Rico, 1977-78 1: 50,000 (State plane or Lambert conformal conic projection) Acta Cientifica Vol 8 Num 1-2

Ewel, J J and Whitmore, J L (1973) Ecological Life Zones of Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands 1: 250,000, (unknown projection), United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Institute of Tropical Forestry Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico

Mangrove areas were copied onto a 1:500,000 base map from a series of eight

maps contained in UNDC (1978). Subsequent to this work a more recent sketch

map (Martinez, 1994) was made available. The mangrove distribution on this

map is similar to that already prepared, but was used to add a coverage for

Isla de Vieques.

References:

Martinez, R.F. (1994). Status del manejo y reglamentacion de los manglares

en Peurto Rico. In: El Ecoistema de Manglar en America Latina y la Cuenca

del Caribe: Su Manejo y Conservacion. Suman, D.O. (Ed.) Rosenstiel School of

Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, USA, pp.

194-208.

UNDC (1978). Puerto Rico Coastal Management Program and Final Environmental

Impact Statement. Office of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce.

SAINT LUCIA:

Organisation of American States/Ministry of Agriculture, Lands, Fisheries, Cooperatives and Labour, Government of Saint Lucia (1984) Saint Lucia - Land Use and Vegetation. 1: 50,000 (projection unknown).

Mangrove data were taken from the 1:50,000 scale map Saint Lucia - Land Use

and Vegetation produced by OAS (1984), prepared by the Department of

Regional Development, of the Organisation of American States (OAS), with the

collaboration of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lands, Fisheries,

Co-operatives and Labour, of the Government of Saint Lucia.

SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS:

Ministry of Overseas Development (1979). Scale 1: 50,000.

Mangrove data were taken from a series of Preliminary Data Atlases published

by The Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program (ECNAMP), a

cooperative effort of the Caribbean Conservation Association and the School

of Natural Resources of the University of Michigan. Data for these atlases

have been drawn from a wide variety of sources, in most cases the scale of

the maps is between 1:50,000 and 1:300,000.

SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES

Mangrove data were taken from a series of Preliminary Data Atlases published

by The Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program (ECNAMP), a

cooperative effort of the Caribbean Conservation Association and the School

of Natural Resources of the University of Michigan. Data for these atlases

have been drawn from a wide variety of sources, in most cases the scale of

the maps is between 1:50,000 and 1:300,000.

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO:

Institutional Consultants (International) Ltd., Forestry Division Ministry of Agriculture, Lands and Fisheries and the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) (1980). Inventory of the Indigenous Forest of Trinidad - Forest Resource Inventory and Management Section.

Mangrove Data are for Trinidad only, no data were found for Tobago and was taken from

Institutional Consultants (International) Ltd. (1980).

References:

Institutional Consultants (International) Ltd. (1980). Inventory of the

Indigenous Forest of Trinidad - Forest Resource Inventory and Management

Section. Prepared for the Government by Institutional Consultants

(International) Ltd. in cooperation with the Forestry Division Ministry of

Agriculture, Lands and Fisheries and the Canadian International Development

Agency (CIDA).

BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS

Mangrove data were taken from a series of Preliminary Data Atlases published

by The Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program (ECNAMP), a

cooperative effort of the Caribbean Conservation Association and the School

of Natural Resources of the University of Michigan. Data for these atlases

have been drawn from a wide variety of sources, in most cases the scale of

the maps is between 1:50,000 and 1:300,000.

US VIRGIN ISLANDS

Mangrove data were taken from a 1:80,000 scale map Virgin Islands: US and

British by Berndtson and Berndtson (n.d.) published by Berndtson and

Berndtson Publications, Furstenfeldbruck, Germany.